The book deals with the notion of Downward Causation from a wide array of perspectives, including physics, biology, psychology, social science, communication studies, text theory, and philosophy. The book includes proponents as well as opponents discussing the validity of the notion.

Glava 1. Religiozno-filosofskie istoki teisticheskogo uchenii︠a︡ o Boge-Absoli︠u︡te, absoli︠u︡tnoĭ Lichnosti i religioznoĭ psikhologii Rossii XIX v. -- Lichnostʹ v probleme Boga kak Absoli︠u︡ta i religioznoĭ psikhologii v Rossii XIX veka -- Religiozno-filosofskoe predstavlenie I.P. Chetverikova ob absoli︠u︡tnoĭ Lichnosti v kontekste teisticheskoĭ i psikhologicheskoĭ mysli -- Uchenie professora Kievskoĭ Dukhovnoĭ Akademii I.P. Chetverikova o lichnosti v kontekste russkoĭ teisticheskoĭ mysli i ideĭ umozritelʹnoĭ psikhologii XIX veka: Dissertat︠s︡ii︠a︡ kandidata bogoslovii︠a︡.

An interrogation of the term 'theory' from the perspective of linguistic discourse Zima offers a new definition of theory from a cultural and sociological perspective, with a view to encountering heterogenerous points of view in critical dialogue.

Les colonies de Terre Sainte, en dépit de trois croisades successives, ont abordé le dernier quart du 13e siècle dans un état de faiblesse inquiétant. Le pape Grégoire X a essayé durant cinq ans de redresser la situation par tous les moyens. L'A. retrace tout d'abord la destinée exceptionnelle de ce pape, de son vrai nom Tebaldo Visconti, né à Plaisance en 1210 et mort à Arezzo en 1276. Il étudie ensuite l'action de Grégoire X dans son redressement spirituel de (...) l'Orient latin. Son désir profond de venir en aide à la Terre Sainte s'exprima aussi dans des mesures financières. Les limites de l'action du Saint-Siège sont étudiées ainsi que le soutien logistique des colonies franques de Syrie apporté au pape. L'évolution de la conjoncture internationale compromit sérieusement à partir de 1273 les retombées ses efforts. (shrink)

A novel method for ECG signal outlier processing based on autoencoder neural networks is presented in the article. Typically, heartbeats with serious waveform distortions are treated as outliers and are skipped from the authentication pipeline. The main idea of the paper is to correct these waveform distortions rather them in order to provide the system with better statistical base. During the experiments, the optimum autoencoder architecture was selected. An open Physionet ECGID database was used to verify the proposed method. The (...) results of the studies were compared with previous studies that considered the correction of anomalies based on a statistical approach. On the one hand, the autoencoder shows slightly lower accuracy than the statistical method, but it greatly simplifies the construction of biometric identification systems, since it does not require precise tuning of hyperparameters. (shrink)

Clinical trials are essential to establish the safety and efficacy of investigational products, contributing to risk/benefit assessments that ultimately determine whether these products meet the criteria for market authorisation. Clinical trials are also an important source of revenue and expertise generation for countries in which they are conducted. In developing countries, they represent substantial foreign direct investment. In spite of the substantial capital input that clinical trials require, the issue of funding post-trial access to beneficial therapies remains contentious, especially in (...) resource-limited settings. In this article, we explore this situation and propose mechanisms to establish ‘win-win’ situations where both patients and clinical trial sponsors derive benefit from post-trial access programmes in low- and middle-income countries. (shrink)

The sequence-in/sequence-out cerebellar machinery is considered from the computational point of view. We outline a learning framework which discriminates short-term from long-term learning and is able to explain single-trial adaptation to unexpected loads.

Fitts' law and the [Delta][Lambda] model are theories of motor control because they are limited to the kinematic aspects of movement and do not capture its essential dynamic nature. The internal source of that determines the speed/accuracy trade-off can be associated with the partial compensation of movement-generated forces.